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DNA Mumi Ungkap Rahasia Genetika Orang Mesir DNA mummi, yang ditemukan di tempat dulu terkenal dengan kultusnya kepada Dewa Kehidupan Setelah Kematian Mesir atau Osiris, membuka wawasan menggelitik tentang masyarakat Mesir kuno.
Temuan itu termasuk mengejutkan karena ternyata mereka miliki sedikit hubungan genetik dengan Afrika sub-Sahara, berbeda dengan keturunannya.
Ilmuwan pada Selasa mengatakan memeriksa data genom dari 90 mummi dari situs arkeologi Abusir el-Malek, sekitar 115 km selatan Kairo. Itu kajian genetik mutakhir pada orang Mesir kuno. DNA itu disarikan dari gigi dan tulang mummi dari pemakaman luas terkait dengan dewa berkulit hijau, Osiris. Mummi tertua berasal dari sekitar tahun 1388 sebelum Masehi di Kerajaan Baru, titik tinggi pengaruh dan budaya Mesir kuno.
Mummi yang paling baru berasal dari sekitar tahun 426 Masehi, berabad-abad setelah Mesir telah menjadi sebuah provinsi Kekaisaran Romawi.
"Telah banyak diskusi tentang keturunan genetik dari orang Mesir kuno," kata ahli arkeogenetik Johannes Krause dari Institut Max Planck untuk Ilmu Sejarah Manusia di Jerman, yang memimpin penelitian yang dipublikasikan di jurnal Nature Communication.
"Apakah orang Mesir moderen adalah keturunan langsung orang Mesir kuno? Apakah ada kesinambungan genetik di Mesir sepanjang waktu? Apakah penjajah asing mengubah susunan genetiknya, misalnya, apakah orang Mesir menjadi lebih Eropa setelah Iskandar Agung menaklukkan Mesir?" kata Krause menambahkan.
"DNA purba bisa menjawab pertanyaan itu," katanya.
Genom tersebut menunjukkan bahwa, tidak seperti orang Mesir modern, orang Mesir kuno tidak memiliki atau memiliki sedikit hubungan kekerabatan genetik dengan populasi sub-Sahara, beberapa di antaranya seperti Ethiopia kuno diketahui telah memiliki interaksi yang signifikan dengan Mesir.
Mengutip antara, hubungan genetik terdekat adalah dengan orang-orang kuno dari Near East, yang mencakup bagian-bagian dari Irak dan Turki serta Israel, Jordania, Suriah dan Lebanon.
Mesir, yang terletak di Afrika Utara berada di persimpangan benua di dunia Mediterania kuno, selama ribuan tahun menyombongkan diri sebagai pemilik peradaban paling maju di zaman purbakala, dikenal mungkin melalui kemampuan militer, arsitekturnya yang menakjubkan termasuk piramida raksasa dan kuil, seni, hieroglif dan panteon dewa.
Proses mumifikasi digunakan untuk mengawetkan mayat orang mati bagi kehidupan setelah kematian. Mummi dalam penelitian ini adalah mummi orang kelas menengah bukan bangsawan.
Peneliti menemukan keberlanjutan genetika yang mencakup Kerajaan Baru dan zaman Romawi, dengan jumlah keturunan sub-Sahara meningkat secara substansial sekitar 700 tahun yang lalu, untuk alasan yang tidak jelas.
"Tidak ada perubahan terlacak selama 1.800 tahun sejarah Mesir," kata Krause, "Perubahan besar terjadi antara dulu dan sekarang."