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Bakteri Salmonela Berhasil Dipakai untuk Atasi Tumor Otak Mereka yang pernah terserang tifus pasti pernah pula mendengar soal salmonela. Orang yang terinfeksi bakteri ini akan mengalami panas tinggi. Tak enak, memang. Namun para peneliti dari Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University, Amerika Serikat, bisa menyulap bakteri yang kerap menyebabkan keracunan makanan ini menjadi penghancur tumor otak. Dalam jurnal Molecular Therapy Oncolytics edisi 15 Desember 2016, Johnathan Lyon, Nalini Mehta, dan empat peneliti lainnya menerbitkan sebuah artikel ilmiah berjudul “Bacterial Carriers for Glioblastoma Therapy”. Glioblastoma adalah kanker otak yang dikenal ganas. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup pasien glioblastoma sangat suram. Sekitar 30 persen pasien hanya mampu bertahan hidup selama dua tahun setelah terdiagnosis. Karena itu, keberhasilan 20 persen saja dalam pengujian merupakan indikasi yang menggembirakan. Faktor yang menyebabkan tumor ini sulit disembuhkan adalah posisinya yang bersembunyi di balik lapisan membran darah-otak. Bagian ini memisahkan peredaran darah dari cairan otak itu sendiri. Kesulitan itulah yang mereka coba urai. Dalam jurnal itu, mereka menyatakan telah berhasil mengubah Salmonella typhimurium melalui proses rekayasa genetika. “Bakteri dimodifikasi, yang sebelumnya mengincar usus manusia, kami ubah agar bisa menargetkan tumor di otak,” demikian yang tertulis dalam jurnal. Para peneliti menguji salmonela rekayasa ini terhadap sekelompok tikus yang sudah disuntikkan sel tumor glioblastoma dalam 100 hari—setara dengan 10 tahun dalam umur manusia. Cara itu, menurut anggota tim peneliti Johnathan Lyon, seperti dikutip dari Science Alert, Jumat pekan lalu, bisa mengatasi keterbatasan obat konvensional yang tidak mudah menembus membran tersebut. “Dengan demikian, metode penyembuhan baru harus ditargetkan langsung ke glioblastoma,” ujar Lyon, yang juga peneliti di Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine. Agar cara tersebut berhasil, diperlukan sel genetika yang dapat menembus langsung ke tumor. Bentuk Salmonella typhimurim itu kemudian dimodifikasi menjadi purine—yang juga dibutuhkan oleh sel tumor glioblastoma. Namun sebenarnya itu hanyalah perangkap. Ketika terjadi interaksi, dua senyawa yang disebut sebagai azurin dan p53 beraksi untuk melumpuhkan sel tumor tersebut. “Cara kerjanya seperti rudal genetika. Mengunci target, lalu menghancurkannya,” kata Lyon. Dalam jurnal, para peneliti mengklaim cara ini jauh lebih akurat ketimbang operasi. Efek samping pun tak akan muncul karena sifat penyembuhannya adalah detoksifikasi. Harapan baru tentu saja. Namun masih dibutuhkan waktu dan riset lebih banyak lagi. Maklum, pengujian terhadap tikus berbeda dengan terhadap manusia, khususnya dalam hal dosis. “Kami harus menerjemahkannya kembali ke dalam ukuran manusia,” ujar Lyon. “Yang jelas, metode ini sudah terbukti efektif dan bisa disempurnakan untuk pengobatan tumor pada masa depan.”MOLECULAR THERAPY ONCOLYTICS | SCIENCE ALERT | AMRI M
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