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Heroin hingga Alkohol jadi Zat Paling Adiktif di Dunia Hasil survei yang dilakukan David Nutt, peneliti spesialis obat-obatan dan kesehatan otak asal Inggris menunjukkan setidaknya ada lima zat paling adiktif di dunia, yaituheroin ,kokain , nikotin, barbiturat, dan alkohol. Seperti dikutip dariCNN Health , survei ini dilakukannya sejak 2007 kepada para pecandu karena dianggap dapat menjadi salah satu referensi dalam menentukan peringkat zat adiktif. Meski, ada pula pandangan dari para peneliti mengenai potensi suatu zat bisa dianggap adiktif. Misalnya, karena mempunyai dampak kerusakan bagi otak, seberapa tinggi tingkat 'kesenangan' yang diberikan, hingga betapa mudah seseorang menjadi ketagihan karena zat tersebut. Berdasarkan survei tersebut, berikut zat paling adiktif di dunia:
1. Heroin Heroin mendapat skor 3 dari 3 dan menjadi zat paling adiktif karena bisa menyebabkan hormon dopamin dalam sistem otak meningkat hingga 200 persen pada percobaan pada hewan. Hormon dopamin merupakan pembawa pesan antar sel saraf otak. Selain adiktif, heroin juga berbahaya karena dosis yang berlebihan bisa menyebabkan kematian, yaitu lima kali dari tingkat dosis yang dibutuhkan. Di pasar ilegal, perdagangan heroin diperkirakan bernilai US$68 miliar di seluruh dunia pada 2009 lalu.2. Kokain Kokain menempati urutan kedua karena dapat membuat tingkat hormon dopamin meningkat tiga kali lipat, sehingga bisa mengganggu penyampaian pesan dari satu neutron ke neutron lain. Di pasar ilegal, perdagangan kokain diperkirakan bernilai US$75 miliar dengan 14-20 juta orang pengguna.
3. Nikotin Nikotin yang biasa ditemui pada tembakau merupakan zat adiktif di posisi ketiga karena bisa membuat hormon dopamin meningkat sekitar 25-40 persen. Namun, berbeda dengan kedua zat sebelumnya yang bisa langsung masuk ke aliran darah, nikotin terserap melalui paru-paru baru kemudian dikirim ke otak. Pada 2002, jumlah pecandu nikotin diperkirkaan mencapai lebih dari 1 miliar dan membunuh lebih dari 8 juta orang setiap tahun pada 2030.4. Barbiturat Barbiturat merupakan obat penenang yang biasa digunakan untuk mengurangi aktivitas pada otak, termasuk tingkat kecemasan dan induksi untuk tidur. Namun, pada dosis tertentu, penggunaanya dapat menimbulkan euforia hingga kematian karena menekan saluran pernapasan. Hal ini membuatnya menempati posisi keempat sebagai zat paling adiktif.
5. Alkohol Di posisi terakhir, ada alkohol yang menjadi zat paling adiktif karena bisa membuat hormon dopamin pada otak meningkat 40-360 persen. Menurut percobaan pada hewan, semakin banyak meminum alkohol, maka tingkat dopamin bisa meningkat tinggi. Pada 2002, diperkirakan ada 2 miliar orang mengonsumsi alkohol dengan lebih dari 3 juta orang meninggal pada 2012 karena kerusakan fungsi organ tubuh. Meski begitu, konsumsi alkohol sejatinya dilegalkan di sejumlah negara.
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