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Mengenal Virus HPV yang Bisa Memicu Beragam Kanker Ilustrasi. (Foto: Unsplash)
Uzone.id - Human Papillomavirus (HPV) merupakan virus umum yang bisa terdapat pada setiap orang. Ada sekitar 150 tipe HPV, sebagian bersifat onkogenik atau dapat menimbulkan kanker seperti kanker vulva, kanker seviks, dan sebagian bersifat non onkogenik yang menyebabkan kutil kelamin.
Ada empat tipe HPV yang tersering menginfeksi manusia, yaitu tipe 6 dan 11 yang menyebabkan 90% kasus kutil kelamin, tipe 16 dan 18 yang menyebabkan 70% kasus kanker serviks.
HPV adalah kondisi yang bisa menyerang siapa saja, baik pria maupun wanita sama-sama berisiko terkena HPV. Sebuah penelitian pada 2015 mengemukakan bahwa ditemukan 14 juta kasus infeksi baru di Amerika Serikat setiap tahunnya.
HPV sangat menular dan penularan dapat melalui segala aktivitas yang memungkinkan adanya kontak kelamin dengan orang yang terinfeksi (bukan hanya melalui hubungan seksual). Cukup hanya satu kali kontak dapat terinfeksi HPV.
Sebagian besar infeksi HPV tidak menimbulkan gejala atau tanda khusus. Karena itu, kebanyakan orang yang sudah terinfeksi HIV, tidak menyadari kalau dirinya sudah terinfeksi HPV atau bahkan menularkannya.
Sebagian besar perempuan baru mengetahui mereka terinfeksi HPV setelah dilakukan test DNA HPV terhadap hasil tes pap smear yang abnormal.
Pada sebagian besar orang yang terinfeksi HPV, tapi memiliki kekebalan tubuh (imunitas) yang cukup baik, tubuh akan mampu membersihkan virus tersebut.
Namun, bagi sebagian orang yang tidak memiliki kekebalan tubuh yang baik, virus dapat bertahan di dalam tubuh dan memengaruhi sel, berkembang menjadi kutil kelamin atau pun kanker serviks atau penyakit terkait HPV lainnya.
Untuk menurunkan risiko infeksi HPV, antara lain dengan menghindari berganti-ganti pasangan, menggunakan kondom dan vaksinasi.
Vaksinasi HPV dapat meningkatkan kekebalan terhadap virus HPV dan merupakan tindakan pencegahan primer yang direkomendasikan oleh WHO.
Saat ini, ada tiga vaksin yang melindungi terhadap HPV tipe 16 dan 1 yang diketahui menyebabkan setidaknya 70% kanker serviks juga melindungi terhadap HPV tipe 6 dan 11, yang menyebabkan kutil kelamin.