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Puasa Nabi Terdahulu, Seperti Apa? Allah SWT telah mewajibkan umat Islam untuk melaksanakan ibadah puasa. Dalam surah al-Baqarah ayat 183, Allah SWT berfirman, Hai orang-orang yang beriman, diwajibkan atas kamu berpuasa sebagaimana diwajibkan atas orang-orang sebelum kamu agar kamu bertakwa. Jelas di sana bahwa puasa bukanlah kewajiban yang baru, melainkan sudah ada sebelum Alquran turun. Umat-umat pra-Islam yang bertauhid telah menjalankan puasa sebagai ritual pembersihan diri. Nabi Adam AS, misalnya, melakukan puasa sebelum ia diturunkan dari surga ke muka bumi lantaran melanggar ketentuan Allah SWT. Bapak umat manusia itu merasa menyesal karena telah terbujuk rayu setan, sehingga mendekati pohon terlarang. Di bumi, Nabi Adam sempat terpisah dengan istrinya, Hawa, dan keduanya kembali dipertemukan atas izin Allah SWT. Menurut Ibnu Katsir, Nabi Adam AS berpuasa selama tiga hari tiap bulan sepanjang tahun. Riwayat lain mengatakan bahwa Nabi Adam berpuasa tiap tanggal 10 Muharram sebagai ungkapan syukur lantaran Allah mengizinkannya bertemu dengan istrinya, Hawa, di Arafah. Sebuah pendapat menyebutkan, Nabi Adam berpuasa sehari semalam pada saat ia diturunkan dari surga oleh Allah SWT. Ritual berpuasa juga diamalkan Nabi Nuh AS. Ibadah ini dilakukannya ketika sedang berada di atas perahu yang menampung para manusia dan binatang atas izin Allah SWT. Bencana banjir besar menyapu bersih kaum yang dimurkai Allah, bahkan termasuk anak Nabi Nuh AS sendiri. Dengan penuh kesabaran, Nabi Nuh AS menjalankan perintah Allah. Dengan mengutip penjelasan Ibnu Majah, Ibnu Katsir menyebutkan bahwa, Puasa Nabi Nuh itu setahun penuh, kecuali dua hari raya. Demikian pula dengan Nabi Ibrahim AS. Bapak bangsa Arab dan Yahudi itu berpuasa ketika Raja Namruz memerintahkan pengumpulan kayu bakar yang menggunung tinggi. Nabi Ibrahim AS dalam keadaan berpuasa ketika ia dilemparkan ke dalam api atas perintah penguasa lalim tersebut. Akan tetapi, Allah lebih berkuasa dan memerintahkan api agar menjadi dingin sehingga keselamatan bagi Sang Khalilullah. Nabi Musa AS juga disebutkan pernah melakukan ritual puasa ketika sedang bermunajat di Gunung Tursina selama 40 hari. Begitu pula dengan Nabi Yusuf AS ketika sedang menjalani masa tahanan akibat difitnah telah berbuat tidak senonoh dengan Zulaikha. Nabi Yunus AS diketahui juga berpuasa ketika berada dalam perut ikan paus. Meskipun berusia tua, Nabi Syuaib merutinkan ritual puasa. Nabi Ayub yang diuji dengan banyak musibah menjadikan puasa sebagai wahana mendekatkan diri kepada Allah. Nabi Daud AS berpuasa secara tersistem, yakni selang satu hari berpuasa dan sehari kemudian tidak. Bahkan, kebiasaan dari bapak Nabi Sulaiman tersebut hingga kini masih dijalankan oleh kaum Muslim. Bagi umat yang beriman kepada Allah, puasa bertujuan untuk membentuk pribadi yang bertakwa. Dalam arti, mengerjakan perintah-Nya dan menjauhi segala larangan-Nya.
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