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Rahim Buatan dari Plastik, Penyelamat Bayi Prematur Ada suatu penelitian yang mampu menemukan sebuah terobosan baru di bidang kesehatan yang kedengarannya hampir mustahil.
Ada sesosok janin yang terlahir prematur dan bisa besar di luarrahim ibu, tapi tidak di inkubator. Melainkan di rahim buatan dari plastik.
Seperti apa rahim buatan dari plastik? Tim peneliti dari Rumah Sakit Anak Philadelphia menciptakan kantung plastik itu dan memanfaatkannya sebagai rahim buatan. Kantung plastik khusus ini terbuat dari polietilena yang biasa digunakan untukbotol susu bayi dan diisi oleh cairan amnion, yaitu cairan yang juga terdapat di dalam rahim. Cairan ini berfungsi untuk menyediakan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan untukpertumbuhan janin dan diujikan pada embrio kambing.
Di dalam kantung tersebut, dilengkapi dengan pertukaran gas seperti plasenta. Selain itu juga dibuat sistem peredaran darah yang serupa dengan di dalam rahim. Untukalat pompa jantung , tidak menggunakan alat pompa eksternal, melainkan jantung alami milik kambing tersebut. Hebatnya lagi, untuk mendekati kondisi sesungguhnya. Janin ditempatkan di tempat yang gelap dan diperdengarkan detak jantung ibunya.
Bagaimana para peneliti menguji keefektifan rahim buatan? Para peneliti ini melakukan studi pada embrio domba yang usianya setara dengan embrio manusia berumur 23 minggu. Embrio dimasukkan dalam kantung berisi amnion. Umbilical cord -nya dihubungkan dengan mesin udara lewat selang yang berfungsi mirip plasenta.
Rahim buatan itu juga dihubungkan dengan kantung berisi nutrisi, mirip cairan infus. Kantung buatan juga ditaruh di ruangan steril dan suhu optimal. Hasil ujicoba menunjukkan, embrio tumbuh dengan normal. Terlihat dari matanya yag terbuka dan pertumbuhan bulu yang berjalan normal. Tak hanya itu, paru-paru dan otak embrio kambing juga berkembang normal.
Rahim buatan untuk meningkatkan harapan hidup bayi prematur Saat ini, angka harapan hidup bayi prematur yang lahir pada usia kehamilan 23 minggu nyaris nol persen, usia 23 minggu 15 persen, 24 minggu 55 persen, dan 25 minggu 80 persen. Normalnya, bayi lahir pada usia kehamilan 40 minggu.
Mereka yang lahir kurang dari periode tersebut berpotensi mengalami kematian dan gangguan perkembangan. Rahim buatan dari plastik adalah upaya yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan peluang hidup pada bayi prematur yang lahir pada usia kehamilan 23-24 minggu, dan tidak kurang dari itu.
Meski sukses pada domba, bukan berarti prosedur ini langsung bisa dipakai untuk manusia. Tim penelitian masih perlu melakukan eksperimen lain untuk memastikannya. Salah satu tantangannya adalah sterilitas. Jika tak steril, rahim buatan beserta isinya malah bisa membahayakan embrio. Tantangan lain adalah menemukan formula cairan amnion yang tepat bagi manusia serta hormon pertumbuhan yang dibutuhkan.
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